Which term describes a condition of decreased bone mineral density increasing fracture risk?

• A. Osteoporosis
• B. Osteopenia
• C. Arthritis
• D. Rickets

Answer: (A)

Decreased bone mineral density that raises fracture risk is osteoporosis. It means bones have become less dense and structurally weaker, so even minor stresses or falls can cause fractures. Bone density is often measured with a DEXA scan and reported as a T-score: -2.5 or lower confirms osteoporosis, while -1.0 to -2.5 is osteopenia (low bone density, not yet osteoporosis), and above -1.0 is normal. The lower the bone density, the higher the fracture risk, particularly at the hip, spine, and wrist. Factors like aging, loss of estrogen after menopause, inactivity, calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, smoking, and certain medications contribute to this decline. Other terms describe different issues: osteopenia is less severe low density, arthritis is joint inflammation, and rickets is vitamin D–related bone softening in children.